New Scientist,
28 Sept 2013.
I picked up this edition up on the
way back from an enjoyable visit to Wales. The cover which mentioned an article
on ‘The doctor taking on America’s gun epidemic’ attracted me. We had been
discussing this topic in Wales and I tried to track down a lecture I watched
back in January; it was by Jim Attwood who went into the subject pretty
thoroughly. The NS article is by an
emergency room doctor. Since gun violence takes more than 30,000 lives a year
in the USA it is clearly a major problem but research is tied because it would
be criminal to talk about the policy implications of any findings.
Nevertheless, although gun ownership is not allowed to some people, e.g. to
felons, the doctor thinks it would help if some other risky people were also excluded
from owning firearms.
That was interesting but then I saw
an article about how people respond to scientific evidence. This can become a
serious philosophical discussion but it is clear that if something appears to
threaten a person’s value system they are likely to react with reasons and
arguments to oppose the science or its implications. They may join like minded people
who have made dissent into an industry. And the scientists fight back and the result
is trench warfare and deadlock. Climate change is the example discussed in NS and in spite of increasing scientific
confidence that human activity and climate change are closely linked there is
an increase of apathy and outright denial of these findings. The recent IPCC
report will add to the factual arsenal but Adam Corner, a psychologist, considers
that this will simply intensify the war because ‘the argument is not really
about the science; it is about politics and values.’ [New Scientist, 28 September 2013, p. 28.] With that in mind he
suggests that discussions on this subject should proceed from values to
science.
Something on those lines probably
applies to the gun control issue mentioned above as it did with cigarette
smoking years ago. And it seems relevant to another matter that I came across
in this issue of NS. Rosie
Waterhouse, a journalist, is also a PhD student researching myths about
Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) and satanic ritual abuse (SRA). She
describes how MPD, SRA, false memories of abuse and alien abductions are all of
a kind. They are created by such processes as suggestive questioning and/or the
influence of media presentations of these matters. Waterhouse follows the story
of ‘Carol’ who had years of therapy which helped her to recover repressed
memories of many kinds of trauma as well as enabling dozens of personalities to
emerge. ‘Carol’, and many others, have now realised that they were totally misled
and in the USA where all this started there is now a backlash against MPD
diagnoses. A 2006 report by memory researchers and psychologists regarded
repressed memory and MPD as ‘pernicious myths’. Satanic abuse claims are also
regarded as mythical but in the UK many therapists believe such accounts are
usually accurate. Indeed, ‘there remain overlapping networks of believers in
MPD, recovered memories and satanic abuse... who publish books, run websites
and meet up at conferences.’ [New
Scientist, 28 September 2013, p. 49.] Waterhouse’s PhD supervisor, Chris
French, hopes that the UK will follow the USA in rejecting the MPD diagnosis.
This may happen but things are not that
simple. Indeed, I suspect that even in the USA there are many people,
professional and lay, who use various techniques to ‘recover’ hitherto hidden
memories of trauma, usually of some kind of abuse. An impressive edifice of
theory, practice, compassion and commitment has been built on sincere
testimonies of such ‘unblocked’ trauma. This is not surprising because it has
been the prevailing view for a long time. However, research into memory,
especially over the last 25 years, shows quite clearly that traumatic events are
not repressed but are remembered all too clearly, that memory is reconstructive
and malleable and that people can be induced or otherwise led to believe
sincerely in events that never happened. Although this undermines theories and
practices that depend on releasing ‘blocked’ memories the sincere testimonies
produced by that approach are so convincing that counter views, no matter how
well supported by facts and research, are ignored, minimised or brushed aside
by the supporting sub-culture of intertwined networks mentioned earlier.
Overall, the result is again a kind of trench warfare and deadlock. Would
starting from values as Corner suggests help to break the deadlock here?
My opinion is that living and our
approaches to issues are value driven. I don’t believe that science offers a
complete panoply of values and it may be driven by many kinds of value from
greed to altruism that are hard to disentangle but science does offer truth
about the material world. Where this kind of truth is relevant to some issue then
the findings of scientific research have to be taken very seriously indeed.
